how to use to be in Turkish grammar

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In Turkish grammar, the verb “to be” is not used in the same way as in English. Instead, Turkish uses suffixes attached to nouns or adjectives to convey the state of being. These suffixes change according to the person and number, and they must follow vowel harmony rules. Here’s a basic guide on how to use “to be” in Turkish:

Affirmative Present Tense:

  • Ben (I am) - -im/-ım/-um/-üm
  • Sen (You are) - -sin/-sın/-sun/-sün
  • O (He/She/It is) - No suffix in the third-person singular
  • Biz (We are) - -iz/-ız/-uz/-üz
  • Siz (You are, plural/formal) - -siniz/-sınız/-sunuz/-sünüz
  • Onlar (They are) - -ler/-lar

Examples:

  • Ben öğretmenim. (I am a teacher.)
  • Sen güzelsin. (You are beautiful.)
  • O öğrenci. (He/She is a student.)
  • Biz yorgunuz. (We are tired.)
  • Siz mutlusunuz. (You are happy, plural/formal.)
  • Onlar buradalar. (They are here.)

Negative Present Tense: To form negative sentences, you use the word “değil” after the noun or adjective, followed by the personal suffixes.

Examples:

  • Ben öğrenci değilim. (I am not a student.)
  • Sen mutlu değilsin. (You are not happy.)
  • O doktor değil. (He/She is not a doctor.)
  • Biz yorgun değiliz. (We are not tired.)
  • Siz güzel değilsiniz. (You are not beautiful, plural/formal.)
  • Onlar burada değiller. (They are not here.)

Questions: For questions, you can simply raise the intonation at the end of the sentence in spoken Turkish, or use the question particle “mi/mı/mu/mü” placed after the noun or adjective and before the personal suffix in written Turkish.

Examples:

  • Sen öğrenci misin? (Are you a student?)
  • O yorgun mu? (Is he/she tired?)
  • Biz burada mıyız? (Are we here?)

Remember, the suffixes will change according to the last vowel of the word they are attached to, following the vowel harmony rules. This is a simplified explanation, and Turkish grammar can be quite complex due to its agglutinative nature. 

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